63. Gruhn, N. E.; Macías-Ruvalcaba, N. A.; Evans, D. H. “Studies of Potential Inversion in an Extended Tetrathiafulvalene”, Langmuir, 2006, 22, 10683-10688. (ARTICLE)

62. Cotton, F. A.; Durivage, J. C.; Gruhn, N. E.; Lichtenberger, D. L.; Murillo, C. A.; Van Dorn, L. O.; Wilkinson, C. A. “Photoelectron Spectroscopy and DFT Calculations of Easily Ionized Quadruply Bonded Mo₂⁴⁺ Compounds and Their Bicyclic Guanidinate Precursors”, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2006, 110, 19793 - 19798. (ARTICLE)

61. Coropceanu, V.; Nakano, T.; Gruhn, N. E.; Kwon, O.; Yade, T.; Brédas, J.-L. “Probing Charge Transport in π-Stacked Fluorene-based Systems”, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, 110, 9482-9487. (ARTICLE)

60. Rajapakshe, A.; Paz-Sandoval, M. A.; Gutierrez, J. A.; Navarro-Clemente, J. E.; Saavedra, P. A., Gruhn, N. E.; Lichtenberger, D. L. “Heteropentadienyl Analogs of Half-Open Ruthenocenes: Metal-Ligand Interactions and Electronic Structure Perturbations”, Organometallics, 2006, 25, 1914-1923. (ARTICLE)

59. Gruhn, N. E.; Macías-Ruvalcaba, N. A.; Evans, D. H. “Studies of the Inner Reorganization Energies of the Cation Radicals of 1,4-bis(Dimethylamino)benzene, 9,10-bis(Dimethylamino)anthracene and 3,6-bis(Dimethylamino)durene by Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Reinterpretation of the Mechanism of the Electrochemical Oxidation of the Parent Diamines”, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2006, 110, 5650-5655. (ARTICLE)

58. Glass, R. S.; Block, E.; Lorance, E.; Zakai, U. I.; Gruhn, N. E.; Jin, J.; Zhang, S.-Z. "The Si Si Effect on Ionization of beta Disilanyl Sulfides and Selenides", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, in press. (ARTICLE)

57. Cotton, F. A.; Donahue, J. P.; Gruhn, N. E.; Lichtenberger, D. L.; Murillo, C. A.; Timmons, D. J.; Van Dorn, L. O.; Villagrán, D.; Wang, X. "Facilitating Access to the Most Easily Ionized Molecule: an Improved Synthesis of the Key Intermediate, W₂(hpp)₄Cl₂, and Related Compounds", Inorg. Chem., 2006, 45, 201-213.(ARTICLE)

56. Coropceanu, V.; Kwon, O.; Wex, B.; Kaafarani, B. R.; Gruhn, N. E.; Durivage, J. C.; Neckers, D. C.; Bredas, J.-L. "Vibronic Coupling in Organic Semiconductors: The Case of Fused Benzene-Thiophene Structure" Chem. Eur. J. 2006, 4, 2073-2080. (ARTICLE)

55. Glass, R. S.; Gruhn, N. E.; Lorance, E.; Singh, M. S.; Stessman, N. Y. T.; Zakai, U. I. "Synthesis, Gas-Phase Photoelectron Spectroscopic, and Theoretical Studies of Stannylated Dinuclear Iron Dithiolates", Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44, 5728-5737. (ARTICLE)

54. Lambert, C.; Risko, C.; Coropceanu, V.; Schelter, J.; Amthor, S.; Gruhn, N. E.; Durivage, J. C.; Bredas, J. L. "Electronic Coupling in Tetraanisylarylenediamine Mixed Valence Systems: The Interplay between Bridge Energy and Geometric Factors" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 8508-8516.(ARTICLE)

53. Cunico, R. F.; Motta, A. R. "Addition of Carbamoylsilanes to Electrophilically Substituted Alkenes. Preparation of β-Functionalized Tertiary Amides", Org. Lett., 2005, 7, 771-774. (ARTICLE)

52.  Cooney, J. J. A.; Cranswick, M. A.; Gruhn, N. E.; Joshi, H. K.; Enemark, J. H. "Electronic Structure of Bent Titanocene Complexes with Chelated Dithiolate Ligands",  Inorg. Chem., 2004, in press.  (ARTICLE)

51.  Rajapakshe, A.; Gruhn, N. E.; Lichtenberger, D. L.; Basta, R.; Arif, A. M.; Ernst, R. D. "Pentadienyls vs Cyclopentadienyls and Reversal of Metal-Ligand Bonding Affinity with Metal Oxidation State: Synthesis, Molecular Structures, and Electronic Structures of High-Valent Zirconium Pentadienyl Complexes", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 14105-14116. (ARTICLE)

50. Kwon, O.; Coropceanu, V.; Gruhn, N. E.; Durivage, J. C.; Laquindanum, J. G.; Katz, H. E.; Cornil, J.; Brédas, J. L. "Characterization of the Molecular Parameters Determining Charge Transport in Anthradithiophene", J. Chem. Phys., 2004, 120, 8186-8194. (ARTICLE)

49. Coropceanu, V.; Gruhn, N. E.; Barlow, S.; Lambert, C.; Durivage, J. C.; Bill, T. G.; Nöll, S. G.; Marder, S. R.; Brédas, J. L. "Electronic Couplings in Organic Mixed-Valence Compounds: The Contribution of Photoelectron Spectroscopy", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 2727-2731. (ARTICLE)

48. Joshi, H. K.; Arvin, M. E.; Durivage, J. C.; Gruhn, N. E.; Carducci, M. D.; Westcott, B. L.; Lichtenberger, D. L.; Enemark, J. H. "Photoelectron Spectra of Potassium Salts of Hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)borates: Electronic Structure of the Electron Withdrawing Scorpionates Tp^(CF3)2, Tp*^Cl and Comparison to Tp* and Tp", Polyhedron, 2004, 23, 429-438. (ARTICLE)

47.  Amashukeli, X.; Gruhn, N. E.; Lichtenberger, D. L.; Winkler, J. R.; Gray, H. B. "Inner-Sphere Electron-Transfer Reorganization Energies of Zinc Porphyrins", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, in press.  (ARTICLE)

46. Westcott, B. L.; Crundwell, G.; Burkholder, T. R.; Michelsen, L. J.; Gardner, C. B.; Gruhn, N. E.; Hunter, A. B.; Miner, P.; Zeller, M. "The Molecular and Electronic Structure of N,N'-Ethylenebis(acetyl-acetonylideiminato)oxovanadium(IV) and the Electronic Structure of its Thio Analogue", J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 2004, 135, 1-5. (ARTICLE)

45. Lorance, E. D.; Glass, R. S.; Block, E.; Li, X. "Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Gas-Phase Photoelectron Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies of 3,6-Bis(perfluoroalkyl)-1,2-dithiins", J. Org. Chem., 2003, 68, 8110-8114. (ARTICLE)

44. Alloway, D. M.; Hofmann, M.; Smith, D. L.; Gruhn, N. E.; Graham, A. L.; Colorado, R., Jr.; Wysocki, V. H.; Lee, T. R.; Lee, P. A.; Armstrong, N. R. "Interface Dipoles Arising from Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold: UV-Photoemission Studies of Alkanethiols and Semi-fluorinated Alkanethiols", J. Phys. Chem. B, 2003, 107, 11690-11699. (ARTICLE)

43. Joshi, H. K.; Cooney, J. J. A.; Inscore, F. E.; Gruhn, N. E.; Lichtenberger, D. L.; Enemark, J. H. "Investigation of Metal-Dithiolate Fold Angle Effects by Gas Phase Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Density Functional Calculations: Implications for Molybdenum Enzymes", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, 100, 3719-3724. (ARTICLE)

42. Rathore, R.; Abdelwahed, S. H.; Guzei, I. A. "Synthesis, Structure, and Evaluation of the Effect of Multiple Stacking on the Electron-Donor Properties of π-Stacked Polyfluorenes", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 8712-8713. (ARTICLE)

41. Lichtenberger, D. L. "Electron Distribution, Bonding, and J(Si-H) NMR Coupling Constant in (η⁵-C₅H₅)(CO)₂MnHSiCl₃: The Molecular Orbital View", Organometallics, 2003, 22, 1599-1602. (ARTICLE)

40. Cotton, F. A.; Gruhn, N. E.; Gu, J.; Huang, P.; Lichtenberger, D. L.; Murillo, C. A.; Van Dorn, L. O.; Wilkinson, C. C. "Closed-shell Molecules that Ionize More Readily than Cesium", Science, 2002, 298, 1971-1974. (ARTICLE)

39. Joshi, H. K.; Inscore, F. E.; Schirlin, J. T.; Dhawan, I. K.; Carducci, M. D.; Bill, T. G.; Enemark, J. H. "Six-coordinate molybdenum nitrosyls with a single ene-1,2-dithiolate ligand", Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2002, 337, 275-286. (ARTICLE)

38. Lichtenberger, D. L.; Fan, H.-J.; Gruhn, N. E. "Ligand-Mediated Metal-Metal Interactions and Localized versus Delocalized Mixed-Valence Cation States of Biferrocene and Bis(μ-fulvalenediyl)diiron Characterized in the Gas Phase by Valence Photoelectron Spectroscopy", J. Organomet. Chem., 2003, 666, 75-85. (ARTICLE)

37. Gruhn, N. E.; Lichtenberger, D. L. "Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Inorganic Molecules", in The Encyclopedia of Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 1, P. B. Armentrout, Volume Editor, Elsevier, 2003, 818-833.

36. Padden Metzker, J. K.; Lichtenberger, D. L.; Lee, P. E. "Valence Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Non-volatile Organometallic Molecules", in Thin Films: Preparation, Characterization, Applications, Soriaga, M. P.; Stickney, J.; Bottomley, L. A.; Kim, Y.-G., Editors, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2002, 301-307.

35. Coropceanu, V.; Malagoli, M.; da Silva Filho, D. A.; Gruhn, N. E.; Bill, T. G.; Brédas, J. L. "Hole- and electron-vibrational couplings in oligoacene crystals: Intramolecular contributions", Phys. Rev. Lett., 2002, 89, 275503. (ARTICLE)

34. Padden Metzker, J. K.; Gruhn, N. E.; Lichtenberger, D. L. "Transferability of the Valence Ionization Intensities of Chemical Functional Groups Between Molecules", J. Phys. Chem. A, 2002, 106, 9999-10009. (ARTICLE)

33. Gruhn, N. E.; Michelsen, L. J.; Westcott, B. L. "Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Bis(2,4-Pentanedione)-Oxovanadium(IV) [VO(acac)₂] and Derivatives: Substituent Effects on the 2,4-Pentanedione Donor", Inorg. Chem., 2002, 41, 5907-5911. (ARTICLE)

32. Lichtenberger, D. L.; Gruhn, N. E.; Rai-Chaudhuri, A.; Renshaw, S. K.; Gladysz, J. A.; Seyler, J.; Igau, A. "How do the Electronic Structures of Low-Symmetry Metal-Hydride and -Alkyl Complexes Compare? Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Computational Studies of (η⁵-C₅R₅)Re(NO)(L)R' [L = CO, P(C₆H₅)₃; R, R' = H, CH₃)]", Organometallics, 2002, 21, 5494-5504. (ARTICLE)

31. Pascal, L.; Van den Eynde, J. J.; Van Haverbeke, Y.; Dubois, P.; Michel, A.; Rant, U.; Zojer, E.; Leising, G.; Van Dorn, L. O.; Gruhn, N. E.; Cornil, J.; Brédas, J. L. "Synthesis and Characterization of Novel para- and meta-Phenylenevinylene Derivatives: Fine Tuning of the Electronic and Optical Properties of Conjugated Materials", J. Phys. Chem. B, 2002, 106, 6442-6450. (ARTICLE)

30. Gruhn, N. E.; Silva Filho, D. A.; Bill, T. G.; Malagoli, M.; Coropceanu, V.; Kahn, A.; Brédas, J. L. "The Vibrational Reorganization Energy in Pentacene: Molecular Influences on Charge Transport", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 7918-7919. (ARTICLE)

29. Graff, J. N.; McElhaney, A. E.; Basu, P.; Gruhn, N. E.; Chang, C.-C. J.; Enemark, J. H. "Electrochemistry and Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Oxomolybdenum(V) Complexes with Phenoxide Ligands: Effect of Para Substituents on Redox Potentials, Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Rates, and Ionization Energy", Inorg. Chem., 2002, 41, 2642-2647. (ARTICLE)

28. Amashukeli, X.; Winkler, J. R.; Gray, H. B.; Gruhn, N. E.; Lichtenberger, D. L. "Electron-Transfer Reorganization Energies of Isolated Organic Molecules", J. Phys. Chem. A, 2002, 106, 7593-7598. (ARTICLE)

27. Lichtenberger, D. L.; Gruhn, N. E.; Rai-Chaudhuri, A.; Renshaw, S. K.; Gladysz, J. A.; Jaio, H.; Seyler, J.; Igau, A. "Vibrational Progressions in the Valence Ionizations of Transition Metal Hydrides: Evaluation of Metal-Hydride Bonding and Vibrations in (η⁵-C₅R₅)Re(NO)(CO)H [R = H, CH₃]", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 1417-1423. (ARTICLE)

26. Slattery, D. K.; Linkous, C. A.; Gruhn, N. E.; Baum, J. C. "Semi-Empirical MO and Voltammetric Estimation of Ionization Potentials of Organic Pigments. Comparison to Gas-Phase Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy", Dyes and Pigments, 2001, 49, 21-27.

25. Cornil, J.; Gruhn, N. E.; dos Santos, D. A.; Malagoli, M.; Lee, P. A.; Barlow, S.; Thayumanavan, S.; Marder, S. R.; Armstrong, N. R.; Brédas, J. L. "Joint Experimental and Theoretical Characterization of the Electronic Structure of 4,4'-bis(N-m-tolyl-N-phenylamino)biphenyl (TPD) and Substituted Derivatives", J. Phys. Chem. A, 2001, 105, 5206-5211. (ARTICLE)

24. Schlettwein, D.; Hesse, K.; Gruhn, N. E.; Lee, P. A.; Nebesny, K. W.; Armstrong, N. R. "Electronic Energy Levels in Individual Molecules, Thin Films and Organic Heterojunctions of Substituted Phthalocyanines", J. Phys. Chem. B, 2001, 105, 4791-4800. (ARTICLE)

23. Slattery, D. K.; Linkous, C. A.; Gruhn, N. E. "Organic Pigments as Photocatalytic Agents in a Solar Water-Splitting Scheme", Hydrogen Energy Progress XIII : Proceedings of the 13th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, June 12-15, 2000, Beijing, China, T.N. Veziroglu and Z.Q. Mao, Editors.

22. "Synthesis, Properties, Oxidation, and Electrochemistry of 1,2-Dichalcogenins", E. Block, M. Birringer, R. DeOrazio, J. Fabian, R. S. Glass, C. Guo, C. He, E. Lorance, Q. Qian, T. B. Schroeder, Z. Shan, M. Thiruvazhi, G. S. Wilson, and X. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 5052-5064. (ARTICLE)

21. Glass, R. S.; Gruhn, N. E.; Lichtenberger, D. L.; Lorance, E. D.; Pollard, J. R.; Birringer, M.; Block, E.; DeOrazio, R.; He, C.; Shan, Z.; Zhang, X. "Gas-Phase Photoelectron Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies of 1,2-Dichalcogenins. Ionization Energies, Orbital Assignments, and an Explanation of Their Color", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5065-5074. (ARTICLE)

20. Helton, M. E.; Gruhn, N. E.; McNaughton, R.; Kirk, M. L. "Control of Oxo-Molybdenum Reduction and Ionization Potentials by Dithiolate Donors", Inorg. Chem., 2000, 39, 2273-2278. (ARTICLE)

19. Lichtenberger, D. L.; Fan, H.-J.; Gruhn, N. E.; Bitterwolf, T. E.; Gallagher, S. "Electronic Structure and Photoelectron Spectroscopic Studies on CpM(CO)₄ (M=V, Nb, Ta)" Organometallics, 2000, 19, 2012-2021. (ARTICLE)

18. Smith, K. J.; Ondracek, A. L.; Gruhn, N. E.; Lichtenberger, D. L.; Fanwick, P. E.; Walton, R. A. "A comparative study of the isomers of ReOCl₃(PMe₃)₂ and ReOCl₃(PEt₃)₂. The isolation and characterization of ReH₇(PR₃)₂ and ReO(OEt)Cl₂(PR₃)₂ (R = Me or Et) and the photoelectron spectrum of ReH₇(PMe₃)₂", Inorg. Chim. Acta 2000, 300-302, 23-31. (ARTICLE)

17. Westcott, B. L.; Gruhn, N. E.; Michelsen, L. J.; Lichtenberger, D. L. "Experimental Observation of Non-Aufbau Behavior: Photoelectron Spectra of Vanadyloctaethylporphyrinate and Vanadylphthalocyanine", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 8083-8084. (ARTICLE)

16. Asirvatham, V. S.; Gruhn, N. E.; Lichtenberger, D. L.; Ashby, M. T. "Electronic Factors for Protonation of an Organometallic Molecule. A Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study of [η⁵-C₆H₆)Mo(TRIPOD)]^0/+", Organometallics, 2000, 19, 2215-2227. (ARTICLE)

15. Slattery, D. K.; Linkous, C. A.; Gruhn, N. E. "Photocatalytic Water-Splitting Using Organic Pigments as Semiconductors", Polymer Preprints, 2000, 41(1), 866-867.

14. Gruhn, N. E.; Lichtenberger, D. L.; Ogura, H.; Walker, F. A. "Reevaluation of the Gas-Phase Valence Photoelectron Spectra of Octaethylporphyrin and Tetraphenylporphyrin", Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38, 4023-4027.(ARTICLE)

13. Lichtenberger, D. L.; Pollard, J. R.; Lynn, M. A.; Cotton, F. A.; Feng, X. "Metal-Metal Bonding in Rh₂(O₂CCF₃)₄. Extensive Metal-Ligand Orbital Mixing Promoted by Filled Fluorine Orbitals", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3182-3190. (ARTICLE)

12. Lichtenberger, D. L.; Lynn, M. A.; Chisholm, M. H. "Quadruple Metal-Metal Bonds with Strong Donor Ligands. Ultraviolet Photolectron Spectroscopy of M₂(form)₄ (M = Cr, Mo, W; form = N,N'-diphenylformamidinate)", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 12167-12176. (ARTICLE)

11. Cornil, J.; Vanderdonckt, S.; Lazzaroni, R.; dos Santos, D. A.; Thys, G.; Geise, H. J.; Yu, L.-M.; Lögdlund, M.; Salaneck, W. R.; Gruhn, N. E.; Lichtenberger, D. L.; Lee, P. A.; Armstrong, N. R.; Brédas, J. L. "Valence Electron Structure of π-Conjugated Materials: Simulation of the Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectra with Semiempirical Hartree-Fock Approaches", Chem. Mat. 1999, 11, 2436-2443.(ARTICLE)

10. Gruhn, N. E.; Lichtenberger, D. L. "Characterization of the Electronic Structure of Transition Metal Carbonyls and Metallocenes", in Inorganic Electronic Structure and Spectroscopy, Vol. 2, A. B. P. Lever and E. I. Solomon, Eds., John Wiley and Sons, 1999, pp 533-574.

9. Anderson, J. D.; McDonald, E. M.; Lee, P. A.; Anderson, M. L.; Ritchie, E. L.; Hall, H. K.; Hopkins, T.; Mash, E. A.; Wang, J.; Padias, A.; Thayumanavan, S.; Barlow, S.; Marder, S. R.; Jabbour, G. E.; Shaheen, S.; Kippelen, B.; Peyghambarian, N.; Wightman, R. M.; Armstrong, N. R. "Electrochemistry and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Processes of the Components of Aluminum Quinolate/Triarylamine, and Related Organic Light-Emitting Diodes", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9646-9655. (ARTICLE)

8. Westcott, B. L.; Gruhn, N. E.; Enemark, J. H. "Evaluation of Molybdenum-Sulfur Interactions in Molybdoenzyme Model Complexes by Gas-Phase Photoelectron Spectroscopy: The "Electronic Buffer" Effect", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3382-3386.(ARTICLE)

7. Budzichowski, T. A.; Chisholm, M. H.; Tiedtke, D. B.; Gruhn, N. E.; Lichtenberger, D. L. "Preparation, Characterization and Electronic Structure of W₂(NMe₂)₂(OR_f)₄, where R_f = CMe₂CF₃, CMe(CF₃)₂ and C(CF₃)₃, as Deduced by Photoelectron Spectroscopic Studies and the Single Crystal X-ray Structure of R_f = CMe(CF₃)₂", Polyhedron, 1998, 17, 705-711. (ARTICLE)

6. Westcott B. L.; Enemark, J. H. "Formal Oxidation States vs. pi-effects in Isostructural Low-Symmetry {MoNO}⁺³ and {MoO}⁺³ Complexes", Inorg. Chem., 1997, 36, 5404-5405. (ARTICLE)

5. Glass, R. S.; Pollard, J. R.; Schroeder, B.; Lichtenberger, D. L.; Block, E.; DeOrazio, R.; Guo, C.; Thiruvazhi, M. "Spectroscopic, Theoretical, and Electrochemical Studies of 1,2-Dithiins", Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon, 1997, 120/121, 439-440.

4. Block, E.; Glass, R. S.; DeOrazio, R.; Lichtenberger, D. L.; Pollard, J. R.; Russell, E. E.; Schroeder, B.; Thiruvazhi M.; Toscano, P. J. "Significant Intramolecular Sulfur-Sulfur Interactions in cis- and trans-2,3-Dimethyl-5,6-dithiabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane", SYNLETT, 1997, 5, 525-528.

3. Lichtenberger, D. L.; Elkadi, Y.; Gruhn, N. E.; Hughes, R. P.; Curnow O. J.; Zheng, X. "Electronic Structure Perturbations of Substituted Ruthenocenes: The First Photoelectron Spectra of Perchloro- and Perfluorocyclopentadienyl Complexes", Organometallics, 1997, 16, 5209-5217.(ARTICLE)

2. Drouin, B. J.; Gruhn, N. E.; Madden, J. F.; Kukolich, S. G.; Barfield, M.; Glass, R. S. "Gas-Phase Conformational Analysis of 1,4,7-Trithiacyclononane", J. Phys. Chem. A, 1997, 101, 9180-9184. (ARTICLE)

1. Lichtenberger, D. L.; Gruhn N. E.; Renshaw, S. K. "Relative Bonding Capabilities of Molecules to Metals as Measured by Gas-Phase Photoelectron Spectroscopy", J. Mol. Struct. 1997, 405, 79-86.